Review of Disaster Risk Management Knowledge Briefs

Background

I reviewed TU-CDES & UNDP Cooperation, Strengthening Disaster Risk Management in Academia (SSDRMA), Disaster Risk Management Knowledge Brief from a total of 9 Issues covering from January to September, 2015. The following sections summarize the DRM Knowledge Briefs. The various Issues were summarized considering that findings of all studies would reach to the target audiences including policy makers timely in readable form. The Knowledge Briefs were compilations of the abstracts of all 50 case studies carried out from a total of 19 districts, opinions of four concern experts and SDRMA highlights. Review has been framed in types of disasters, management needs, gaps, and initiation that has been taken to address the issues from various levels. Frequencies of issues included in the reports are presented in figure 1.The following sections describes various types of disasters such as landslides, earthquake, flood, climate change, water sanitation & health, drought, food security, indoor air pollution and improved cooking stoves.

Landslide

Landslides refers to the movement of earth, rock or debris down slope under the influences of gravity. It is considered as one of the major causes of loss of life, injury and property damage around the world. Every year, about 12,000 small and large scale landslides occur in Nepal.

Landslide Distribution: Numerous landslides were reported in Nepal after devastating earthquake of April 25, 2015. Most of them were confined in Rasuwa, Manang, Manaslu of Gorkha. In total, 16 landslides were identified after Earthquake in Jharlang VDC of Dhading alone. All landslides in Jharlang VDC were found in Western aspect. Similarly, 119 landslides were found in Hansapur, Barpakk and Muchchok VDCs, of Gorkha district. Elevation, slope, aspect, soil depth, grain size of soil, soil moisture, water condition, type of landslide, ethno-botany and accessibility were considered as the key factors of landslides.

Effect: More than 40 settlements of Hansapur, Barpak and Muchchok VDCs of Gorkha were found to be most vulnerable. Landslides and crack were found to be affecting mostly the forest area as well as agricultural land. However, there was no adverse impact of landslides in Khari VDC of Dhading District as it was covered with heavy vegetation and some gabion walls made along the road side. About 20 different types of tree species and many vertebrate animals were damaged in Jure of Sindhupalchowk district. People who are mostly dependent on agriculture have lost their way of earning and living in Jure of Sindhupalchowk. Landslide damaged Sunkoshi Hydropower of 10.5 MW potential and Sanima Hydropower of 2.5 MW. Likewise, the landslide in Budhi Gandaki watershed area were one of the major disasters with huge loss each year. Most of the landslides were north facing in Gorkha (Ghyalchowk, Darbung, Fujel, Namjung, Borlang and Dhawa), Dhading (Salang, Maidi, Khari, Chainpur and Salyantar), Gorkha and Dhading). Airport and road construction have increased the problem of erosion and landslides in Karkidanda of Mugu district.

Cause of Landslides: There is no detailed technical investigation till date to find out the root causes of landslides. Study in Jharlang VDC of Dhading DDC pointed out the need of undertaking detailed geological study to explore the root cause of current landslides in the VDC. Study in Arupokhari VDC of Gorkha found that 65% of the total landslides were triggered due to road construction while remaining 35% occurred naturally. Road induced disaster was foremost cause in Gorkha (Ghyalchowk, Darbung, Fujel, Namjung, Borlang and Dhawa) and Dhading (Salang, Maidi, Khari, Chainpur and Salyantar). Most of the landslides (75%) were manmade or road induced and only 25% of the landslides were natural. Unsustainable road construction in Bhadaure, Panchase area of Kaski is triggering landslide increasing the extent and frequency of its occurrence. Numerous landslides have occurred or reactivated after the earthquake in Jure of Sindhupalchowk.

Control Measures: to control landslides, integrated watershed conservation strategy and solid conservation strategy are recommended in Khari, Dhading. In the highly affected areas, mitigation measures were applied by filling gabion net wall in Shreenathkot, Gorkha. Study in Bhadaure, Kaski reveals that unless and until the local stakeholders are made aware of landslides, it is not possible to reduce impacts of landslides in future. School children should get knowledge about landslide and its preparedness. Retaining wall and gabion dams were found more suitable at toe and scar area where as other methods like hedge brush layer, live check dams, palisades, jute netting, different bioengineering plants are suitable to mitigate the overall landslides rather than making another alternative road way in Ramche of Rasuwa. Local people are unknown about the mitigation and adaptation measures in Jure of Sindhupalchowk.

Disaster

Drought was the prominent hazard in Danse 8, Khaniyapani VDC of Ramechhap District. Other disasters reported in Danse include flood, fire, famine and epidemics. Similarly, landslides, drought and forest fires are considered as disaster.  

Needs: It is opined the DRM issues need to align with Post-Hyogo Framework for Action and Post Millennium Development Goals. Emphasis should also be given to ecosystem resilience with the adoption of bottom up and inclusive decision making process. DRM Act is essential to cover entire cycle of disaster including pre, during and post disasters. To overcome problem of prevailing ineffective coordination between different ministries, separate disaster risk management ministry should be formed. Moreover, development of Early Warning System, well prepared communities, effective response and recovery mechanism, use of scientific data, information and research including space technology are needed to address the issues of disaster.

Koshi Flood impact areas communities wanted the treaty and negotiation between India and Nepal be transparent, road access to markets, and some livelihood and vocational training. People of Panchkhal VDC, Kabhrepalanchok asked support for awareness program on conservation and management of their environment. People of Darbungphant, Gorkha believe that construction of embankments and afforestation programs could be a probable solutions to control floods. Further, it is opined that outbreak of pests occur due to overuse of pesticides which can be prevented by its proper use and use of bio-pesticides and compost.

People in Maidi VDC of Dhading understood that proper dissemination knowledge of the academia to the core people of community is a must and the linkage between the theoretical practice and practical approach is of utmost importance to reduce the DR. As an entry point of creating awareness, school and university educations should include DRM in consistent with national DRM policies, structures, and accountability mechanisms. Budgets should be allocated from all concern organizations for DRM activities. To attain effective result it is recommended to work even by going beyond government structure.

Gaps: Despite having realization of ever escalating disaster hazards, there was no DRR/Management Plans in Bangefadke - 4 Syangja and Arthar Dandakharka of Parbat VDCs. School students were not included in community decision making process on disaster risk management. Based on desk review, it was found that there is a gap between the investment and project effectiveness mainly due to lack of coordination between organizations, low expenditure in real field level, lack of technological resources and lack of people participation. Moreover, there is no research work on problems and resources at community level on disaster risk management.

Best Practice: School curricula has started to include disaster as main chapters covering floods, landslides, drought, fire, pollution, earthquakes, soil erosion, volcano and epidemics. Danse 8 in Khaniyapani VDC of Ramechhap have constructed plastic/cemented ponds and waste water collection ponds at different places on their own initiations. Moreover, they have initiated changing cropping pattern. However, reliable methods to reduce ongoing drought risk in the area are of high demand.

Earthquake

Impact: Earthquake of 25th April 2015 has caused loss of livestock and crops of about NR. 1150241450 in Bungmati, Lalitpur. Goshainkunda trekking route of Rasuwa was very much affected by the recent Gorkha Earthquake especially from Dhunche to Dimsa via Ghattekhola.  Gaps: Local people in Bode, Lachhi and Duwatole of Madhyapur Thimi Municipality, Bhaktapur were unaware about the earthquake preparedness and even seemed to ignore the importance of being prepared for addressing any unforeseen challenges. Most of the school students lacked knowledge about the cause of earthquake and unaware of the preparedness to be taken during earthquake in Thokarpa, Sindhupalchowk. Need: Earthquake preparedness plan recommended and emergency plans to combat against earthquake were recommended in Madhyapur Thimi Municipality. The plan should include training programs to do before, after and during the earthquake.

Best Practices: With the initiation of university students together with faculties, a total of 25 temporary learning centers (TLCs) have been constructed in the earthquake affected areas mainly in schools of Dhading and Gorkha. Under this scheme, school children along with local communities were provided with nine-day humanitarian aid, earthquake education classes, post-earthquake scenario assessment, water purification techniques such as SODIS, and chlorination. Further, students were given psychological counselling, WASH demo, and humanitarian support such as bamboo sorting, rubble piling etc. Also baby foods, clothes, playing materials were distributed to the school children. The programs turned out to be very effective particularly beneficial in raising community awareness. TLC immediately after disaster is very useful through mobilizing university students.

Climate Change

Impact: Productivity of oilseed and potato increased from 1974 to 2004 despite of increasing temperature and declining rainfall annually in Aruchanaute VDC of Budhi Gandaki Watershed. Most of the people were in Aruchanaute VDC had felt the climate change over the past years. Study in Thakre VDC of Dhading revealed that poor, marginalized women and dalit households were more vulnerable to climate change impacts. Furthermore, it was found that level of adaptive capacity compared to the exposure of climate induced disaster is lower in the community of Aruchanaute VDC.

Cause: Chemical fertilizers and pesticides use in cultivating crops have caused climate change by increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Budhi Gandaki Watershed. Adaptation measures: People in Giranchaur 6 Bansbari of Sindhupalchowk had shown interest on adopting rainwater harvesting system and planned to construct plastic ponds. However, most of the people in ward no 5, Bansbari VDC, Sindhupalchowk were unaware about the term climate change as such though they were alert about the changes seen in the climatic pattern. They built plastic ponds and adapted to the change and helped to mitigate the climate change effects. People at ward no 5, Bansbari VDC of Sindhupalchowk assured that they would install more eco-friendly system like rain water harvesting, constructing well and ponds at their own costs too if they get subsidy. Need: Livelihood base of the community must be diversified in order to increase the adaptive capacity of the local people.

Water Sanitation and Health (WASH)

Impacts: Epidemics are in fact the number one killer hazard in Nepal, with an average of 410 deaths per year. More than 80% of Tharu ethnic group with poor economic condition and traditional way of living had suffered most from various diseases immediately after experiencing heavy floods in Terai. Spread of epidemics such as high fever, cholera, diarrhea, dysentery, inflammation by polluted water were prevalent after flood of 2050, 2058, 2059, 2063 BS in Debauli Village of Chitwan. It was reported that in every summer season, epidemic break out and almost all people of Maidi VDC, 9 in Dhading become the victims. In total 38% household suffered from typhoid and 65% suffered from diarrhea and cholera in Latikoili VDC of Surkhet after flood.

Cause: Lack of treated drinking water was the cause of epidemics such as gastro-enteritis, cholera, encephalitis, meningitis, dysentery and diarrhea in Maidi VDC-9 of Dhading. People were unaware on simple techniques for treating water at home such as chlorination, filters, and solar disinfection, storing in safe containers in Baseri – 3 of Ghyalchowk VDC in Gorkha. In total, 69% of the respondents know about water purification methods, however they performed it only during illness/sickness period. Though ward no 7&8 of Chapakot VDC, Kaski declared as ODF and had good facility of latrine, only 11.5% and 23% had knowledge on effective hand washing and waterborne diseases respectively. Likewise, only 15% of the household were using filtration techniques and 56% people were unaware on waterborne disease in Latikoili VDC of Surkhet.

Flood

Flood is a recurring hazard at Aptar-9 of Durbang in Gorkha district. A total of 40 individuals of blackbuck were lost due to the flood of 2071/4/30 and it caused minor injury to 4 individuals in Blackbuck Conservation Area of Bardia. Due to regular flooding, Gobargada VDC of Saptari has been shifted time to time leading to loss of life and property. Need: Study has recommended to build a high land to protect the blackbuck from possible flood in future in Blackbuck Conservation Area of Bardia. Similarly, people of Arughat in Salyantar VDC of Dhading suggested enhancing both adaptive and coping capacity strategies should be designed in participation of poor and marginalized community. Community level agro-forestry practices as riparian buffer strips can effectively stabilize the river banks of Damak Municipality 19, Jhapa. Agro-forestry practices need to be awarded, encouraged and incorporated in disaster risk management (DRM) plan of Damak Municipality, Jhapa. Best Practices: Flood vulnerable communities were analyzed through land use maps, analysis of socio-economic conditions, coping capacity, and distance from the flood plain in Morang. Embankment constructed at the bank of river at Aptar - 9, Durbang, Gorkha was found very effective to address floods risk.

Miscellaneous

Drought: Drought was considered as the most severe hazard affecting crops and livestock in Anaikot of Kabhrepalanchowk. The other disaster realized by the community of Anaikot include earthquake, forest fire, erosion, epidemics and lightening. Anaikot people were well aware of the various hazards but  were unaware of the idea of tackling hazards. Improved Cooking Stoves: Out of 586 household of Bhedetar VDC, 211 households have installed ICS in their houses. In this way, ICS has been integrated into livelihood of local people of Bhedetar VDC, Dhankuta. Indoor Air Pollution: People were less aware about the health impacts that may have caused by long term exposure to the indoor smoke. Mostly the old age people were suffering from Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). . Some have the problem of eye irritation, mostly women from the Tamang community in Manikhel – 1, Lalitpur  who make wine in traditional cooking stove and sit for a long hours in smoke. Solid Waste Management: Waste generation scenario was found higher from household level in Topgachi 7, Kerkha, Jhapa. Therefore, plan for solid waste treatment and management at household level is necessary. Food Security: After flood in 2014, most of the households were forced to live in tents in Uttarganga, Surkhet. The food consumption of the people was quite low i.e. only 39.5% of the household consume acceptable food. To overcome this food insecurity situations, different coping strategies have been adopted.

District	Study Area / VDCs	Research Topic	Findings
Bardia	Blackbuck Conservation Area	Impact Assessment of Flood in Blackbuck Conservation Area	In total 40 individuals of blackbuck were lost due to the flood of 2071/4/30 and it caused minor injury to 4 individuals
Bhaktapur	Madhyapur Thimi Municipality, Ward no 1, Bode, Lachhi and Duwatole	Earthquake Preparedness	Local people were unaware about the earthquake preparedness and locals even seemed to ignore the importance of being prepared for addressing any unforeseen challenges.
Budhi Gandaki Watershed	Aruchanaute	Climate change induced vulnerabilities in agriculture sector	Productivity of oilseed and potato increased from 1974 to 2004 despite of increasing temperature and declining rainfall annually
Chitwan	Debauli Village	Post Flood Health and Sanitation Practices in Tharu Ethnic Community	Epidemics are in fact the number one killer hazard in Nepal, with an average of 410 deaths per year. More than 80% of the people in the community belong to the Tharu ethnic group with poor economic condition and traditional way of living The spread of epidemics by polluted water such as high fever, cholera, diarrhea, dysentery, inflammation were prevalent after flood periods i.e. 2050, 2058, 2059, 2063 BS.
Dhading	1 & 2 of Thakre VDC	Study of People's understanding on climate change impact and adaptation practices in Thakre VDC of Dhading	Most of the people were found to feel the climate change over the past years Poor, marginalized women and dalit households were more vulnerable to climate change impacts
Dhading	Maidi VDC	Community Awareness on Disaster Risk Reducaiton in Maidi VDC	proper dissemination of the knowledge of the academia to the core people of community is a must and the linkage between the theoretical practice and practical approach is of utmost importance to reduce the DR
Dhading	Nalang	Post Earthquake Relief Activities
Dhading	Salyantar VDC of Aarughat	Poverty and Flood Hazard Interrelation in Budhi Gandaki Watershed	45% of people were poor followed by medium (35%) and extremely poor (20%) to enhance both adaptive and coping capacity, the level of poverty should be reduced and pro-poor and marginalized community should always be in the center of program design
Dhading	Khari	Road Induced Landslide Vulnerability Assessment	There was not adverse impact of landslides in the area as it was covered with heavy vegetation and some gabion walls made along the road side
Dhading	Jharlang	Preparation of Landslide Distribution Map of Jharlang VDC	16 landslides were presented on landslide distribution map of Jharlang VDC. All were in western aspect. Which have gentle slope, human settlement, agricultural activities, and many river channel eroding the weak landmass. There is no detailed technical investigation till date to find out the root causes of landslides. There is a need of detailed geological study to explore the root cause of current landslides
Dhading	Maidi VDC - 9	Community Awareness on DRR: Focus on Human Health and Sanitation in Kumal Community	Every year, during the summer seasons, epidemic break out, and almost all the people becomes the victims Lack of treated drinking water is the causes of epidemics such as gastro-enteritis,, cholera, encephalitis, meningitis, dysentery and diarrhea
Dhankuta	Bhedetar VDC	Awareness Program on Effectiveness and Promotion of Improved Cooking Stoves	Out of 586 household of Bhedetar VDC, 211 households have installed ICS in their houses ICS has been integrated into livelihood of local people
Gorkha	Aaruchanauute vdc	Vulnerability assessment of climate change on livelihood of Aaru-Chanaute Gorkha	Majority of the people in the area are dependent on agriculture and livestock for their livelihood The level of adaptive capacity compared to the exposure of climate induced disaster is lower in the community
Gorkha	Darbung Phat	Community Awareness for DRR	The construction of embankments and afforestation were presented as probable solutions to flood control. Forest fires were caused due to the negligence of people and can be prevented through adequate level of awareness. Similarly, outbreak of pests occur due to overuse of pesticides which can be prevented by its proper use and use of bio-pesticides and compost
Gorkha	Kharikot
Gorkha	Borlang	Post-Earthquake Relief Activities	9 days - provided humanitarian aid, earthquake education classes, post-earthquake scenario assessment, water purification techniques such as SODIS, chlorination, students were given psychological counceLing, WASH demo, and humanitarian support such as bamboo sorting, rubble piling etc. were done. These activities were significantly beneficial in raising community awareness. Distributed also baby foods, clothes, playing materials for the school children. The programs turned out to be very effective
Gorkha	Aptar-09, Durbang	Disaster Risk Reduction on Flood at Aptar Village	Flood is a recurring hazard in the area Embankment has constructed at the bank of river that cause significant damage to the village in the past floods risk Reliable methods to reduce floods risks in the area are of high demand
Gorkha	Kharekhola, Darbung	Bioengineering techniques to stabilize landslide	French drain, gabion net, wire bolster, jute netting, bamboo planting to be suitable bioengineering techniques
Gorkha	Aarupokhari	Identification of Hazard Prone Areas in Maudi Khola Catchment	65% of the total landslides were triggered due to road construction while remaining 35% occurred naturally Landslide as a key factor for property damage primarily due to road construction and deforestation Less rainfall during the months of Bhadra, and lack of irrigation system, forest fire Susceptible to hazards however no efforts to mitigate potential catastrophic neither from government nor community level
Gorkha	Aarupokhari, Maudi Watershed	Landslide distribution and loss/damage assessment in Maudi Watershed	The land affected by landslides is mostly forest area which is 58%of the total followed by Kharpakha and agricultural land. The infrastructure associated with landslide area is mainly road. There was huge loss of property due to the landslides included infrastructures, agricultural land, houses and forest areas
Gorkha	Shreenathkot VDC	Road Induced Landslide Vulnerability Assessment	There were many landslides but no human casualty from landslides. Settlement, schools and cultivation areas were at vulnerable condition. In the highly affected areas, mitigation measures were applied by filling gabion net wall
Gorkha	13 VDCs - Kerauja, Uhya, Lapprak, Ghyachowk, Barpak, Gumda, Kashigaun, Barpak, Lapu, Manbu, Thumi, Saurepani, Swara and Arubang. Focus study carried out in Hansapur, Barpakk and Muchchok VDCs	Co-seismic landslides distribution in 13 VDCs, Western Nepal: Issues of Gorkha Earthquake	On Saturday, 25 April 2015, a 7.6 magnitude earthquake hit the country making epicenter at Barpak, Gorkha. Altogether 119 landslides were found. More than 40 villages were found to be most vulnerable. Landslides and crack were found to be affecting mostly the forest area as well as agricultural land.
Gorkha	Baseri-3, Ghyalchowk	Community Awareness on Disaster Risk Reduction: A Focus on water related issues	People were unaware on simple techniques for treating water at home such as chlorination, filters, and solar disinfection, storing iin safe containers could save a huge number of lives each year
Gorkha & Dhading	Gorkha (Ghyalchowk, Darbung, Fujel, Namjung, Borlang and Dhawa), Dhading (Salang, Maidi, Khari, Chainpur and Salyantar)	Landslide Distribution : A case study of Budhi Gandaki Watershed	The landslide in Budhi Gandaki watershed were one of the major disasters with huge loss each year. The road induced disaster was foremost cause and other include bank cutting at the base and the natural condition of the slope that would be triggered by intensive rainfall. About 25% of the landslides have natural slope but 75% of the landslides were manmade slope i.e. road induced. Most of the landslides (42%) were observed in the forest area followed by agricultural land and sloppy grassland and so on. Most of the landslides (75%) were manmade or road induced landslides and only 25% of the landslides were natural. Most of the landslides were north facing
Jhapa	Damak Municipality 19	Assessment of Flood Risk Management Status and Possibilities of Agro-forestry and farming for Reclamation of Flood Degraded Areas	Community level agro-forestry practices as riparian buffer strips can effectively stabilize the river banks
Jhapa	Topgachhi - 7, Kerkha	Solid Waste Management at Household Level	Efforts should be made towards managing solid waste from household level.
Kabhrepalanchowk	Panchkhal VDC	Community work on Disaster at Panchkhal VDC	Awareness program local people become more conscious towards conservation and management of their environment
Kabhrepalanchowk	Anaikot	Sensitization and Brainstorming for drought management	Drought was the most severe hazard affecting crops and livestock. The other disaster include earthquake, forest fire, erosion, epidemics and lightening
Kaski	Bhadaure	Landslide Preparedness in Bhadaure VDC (Panchaswe Area)	Unsustainable road construction in Panchase area is triggering landslide increasing the extent and frequency of its occurrence Unless and until the local stakeholders are made aware of landslides, it is not possible to reduce the impacts of landslides in future School children should get knowledge about landslide and its preparedness
Kaski	Bhadaure	Landslide preparedness in Bhadaure VDC
Kaski	Chapakot VDC- 7&8	Community Awareness Program on Water Health and Sanitation in Panchase Area	69% of the respondents know about water purification methods, however they performed it only during illness/sickness Though VDC declared as ODF and had good facility of latrine, only 11.5% and 23% had knowledge on effective hand washing and waterborne diseases respectively
Lalitpur	Bungmati	Estimation of Damage and Loss Due to Gorkha Earthquake	The total value of the damage caused by 25th April 2015 on house and livestock was estimated to be NR. 1150241450.
Lalitpur	Manikhel - 1	Community work on Indoor Air Pollution and its Health Risks in Manikhel-1, Lalitour	People were less aware about the health impacts that may be caused by long term exposure to the smoke Mostly the old age groups were suffering from Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), some have the problem of eye irritation, m ostly women from the Tamang community who make wine in traditional cooking stove and sit for a long hours in smoke.
Morang		Assessment of Community Vulnerability of Bakhara River: Finding the Cause and Effectiveness of Mitigating Approaches	Vulnerable communities were analyzed through land use maps, analyzing socio-economic conditions, coping capacity, and distance from the flood plain
Mugu	Karkibada	Slope Stability Practices	People practice making gabion walls and tree plantation to reduce slope failure in some areas but in very less quantity Airport and road construction have increased the problem of erosion and landslides.
Nepal		Assessment of Investment in Disaster Risk Reduction /Management in Nepal	The gap between the investment and project effectiveness were mainly due to lack of coordination between organizations, low expenditure in real field level, lack of technological resources and lack of people participation
parbat and Shyangja	Bangefadke - 4 Syangja and Arthar Dandakharka of Parbat	Reducing Disaster Risks through community at Bangekhola - 4 & Arthardanda Kharka - 6 of Panchase Area	Despite of prevailing hazards, there was no DRR/Management Plan in both VDCs It was suggested to students should be included in community decision making process Teacher should also understand need of integrating disaster reduction in curriculum
Ramechhap	Danse 8, Khaniyapani VDC	Community based disaster risk reduction practices focus on Drought Issue	Drought was the prominent hazard in the study area along with flood, fire, famine and epidemics
Rasuwa	Goshaikunda Trail	Post-Earthquake Assessment of Goshainkunda Trail from Dhunche	Trekking routes was very much affected by the recent Gorkha Earthquake especially from Dhunche to Dimsa via Ghattekhola.
Rasuwa	Ramche	Stabilization of Ramche Landslide through the application of Bioengineering Techniques	By using different bioengineering techniques, the landslide can be mitigated Retaining wall and gabion dams will be more suitable at toe and scar area where as other methods like hedge brush layer, live check dams, palisades, nute netting, different bioengineering plants are suitable to mitigate the over all landslides rather than making another alternative road way
Saptari	Lauki, Haripur, Sripur and Kushaha		The dwellers of those areas wanted the treaty and negotiation between India and Nepal be transparent, they wanted road access, some livelihood and vocational training
Saptari	Gobargada	Shifting of VDC due to flood hazard - a case study from Gobargada VDC	Due to regular flooding, the village shifts time to time leading to loss of life, property and natural resources causing disruption in social and economic development
Sindhupalchowk	Giranchaur - 6, Basbari	Learning and Sharing Disaster Risk Management	People showed interest on rainwater harvesting system and planned to construct plastic ponds
Sindhupalchowk	Ward 5, Bansbari VDC	Status and adaptation practices of Drought at Bansbari VDC	Most of the people were unaware about the term climate change though they were alert about the changes seen in the climatic pattern. They build plastic ponds and adapt to the change and help to mitigate the effects.
Sindhupalchowk	Thokarpa - 9	Community Work on Earthquake Preparedness and safety in Shree Kalidevi Primary School
Sindhupalchowk	Jure	Impact Assessment of Landslide in Jure	Due to rugged mountain topography, its fragile geological nature, and high intense rainfall during monsoon, the mountain terrains are vulnerable to landslides and debris flow About 20 different types of tree species and many vertebrate animals were found to be damaged
Sindhupalchowk	Jure	Impacts on Local People's Livelihood by Jure Landslide	Jure landslide was due to different natural processes such as creeping and granular flow People who are mostly dependent on agriculture have lost their way of earning and living Local people are unknown about them mitigation and adaptation measures.
Sindhupalchowk	Mankha, Dhuskun, Tekanpur and Ramche	Impacte of Landslide on Hydropower: A case study of Sanima and Sunkooshi Hydropower	The hydropower had to face huge economic loss due to damage of the equipment and the cut electricity production The Sunkoshi Hydropower of 10.5 MW potential and Sanima Hydropower of 2.5 MW had to face loss
Surkhet	Uttarganga	Food Security Under Poverty in Flood Plain Area of Surkhet	After the flood in 2014, most of the households were living in tents The food consumption of the people was quite low i.e. only 39.5% of the household consume acceptable food To overcome this food insecurity situations, different coping strategies. The Uttarganga VDC is still in food insecure stage
Surkhet	Latikoili VDC	Sanitation and Waterborne Diseasein Tharu Community,, Budgbudhi, Latikoili VDC	38% household suffered from typhoid, and 65% suffered from diarrhea and cholera Only 15% of the household were using filtration techniques and 56% people were unaware on waterborne disease